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. 2021 Feb 9;22(4):1719. doi: 10.3390/ijms22041719

Table 2.

Overview of ligands for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of dopamine D2/3 receptors.

Ligand (Alpha- Betic Order) Rodent, Pig or
Cat Study		 Monkey or
Baboon Study		 Human
Study		 Comments
[18F]Benperidol [287,288]
[18F]DMFP [289,290,291] [292,293] Longer half-life than
[11C]raclopride
N-Ethyl-[11C]-
eticlopride		 [294]
[11C]Fallypride [295] [296]
[18F]Fallypride [291,297,298,299] [297,300,301,302,303,304] [305,306,307,308,309,310,311] High-affinity, visualizes
also extrastriatal D2R,
numerous studies *
[18F]FCP [312]
[18F]FEBF [313]
[18F]FESP [314,315] [314,315,316] [314,317]
[11C]FLB457 [318] [319,320] [296,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328] High-affinity, visualizes
also extrastriatal D2R,
numerous studies *
[11C]FLB524 [329] [329]
5-[18F]FPE [330]
[18F]FPSP [315,331] [315,331] [331]
[18F]Haloperidol [332,333] [334] Binds also to sigmaR
[18F]MABN [335] [336]
[18F]MBP [335] [312,336] Binds also to rho1
Methyl-[11C]-
eticlopride		 [294]
[11C]MNPA [337] [338,339] [340] Agonist ligand
[11C]Nemonapride [341,342,343] Binds also to sigmaR
[11C]NMSP [341,344,345] [346,347,348,349]
[18F]NMSP [350] [336,350] [351]
[11C]NPA [352,353] [352,354,355] [356,357,358] Agonist ligand
[11C]PPHT [359,360] [359] Agonist ligand
[11C]Raclopride [361,362] [363,364,365,366,367] [368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379] Moderate affinity,
visualizes mainly striatal D2R, numerous studies *
[18F]Spiperone [287]
[11C]SV-III-130 [380] Partial agonist ligand
[11C]ZYY339 [359,360] [359] Agonist ligand

* Only a small selection of the available publications is cited for this radioligand. DMFP = Desmethoxyfallypride, FCP = Fluoroclebopride, FEBF = Fluorethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, FESP = Fluoroethyl- spiperone, FPE = Fluoropropyl-epidepride, FPSP = Fluoropropyl-spiperone, MABN = 2,3-dimethoxy-N-[9-(4-fluorobenzyl) -9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3beta-yl]benzamide, MBP = 2,3-dimethoxy-N-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin4yl]benzamide, MNPA = Methoxy-N-n-propylnorapomorphine, NMSP = N-methyl-spiperone, NPA = N-n-propylnorapomorphine, PPHT = (+/−)-2-(N- phenethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin. Other compounds are numbere by the producing institutions or pharmaceutical companies.