Table 2.
Overview of blood biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease
| Diagnostic biomarker | Prognostic and monitoring biomarker | Individualizing and subtyping biomarker |
|---|---|---|
| t-aSyn: ↑(Ng et al. 2019), ↔ (Foulds et al. 2013)) ↓(Besong-Agbo et al. 2013) in PD vs. HC | Plasma t-aSyn↑ increases over time (Foulds et al. 2013) | |
| Plasma exosomal aSyn↑ in PD vs. HC (Shi et al. 2014) | Plasma t-aSyn↑ predicts cognitive decline (Wang et al. 2018; Lin et al. 2017) | |
| o-aSyn↑ in plasma (El-Agnaf et al. 2006), serum (Williams et al. 2016), RBCs (Wang et al. 2015) in PD vs. HC | ||
| Plasma p-aSyn↑ in PD vs HC (Foulds et al. 2013) | ||
| Blood NfL↑ in advanced PD stages vs HC (Hansson et al. 2017; Lin et al. 2019) Blood NfL↑ in atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) vs PD (Lin et al. 2019; Hansson et al. 2017; Marques et al. 2019) | Blood NFL↑ is associated with more severe motor impairment (Ygland Rödström et al. 2021; Ye et al. 2021) and cognitive decline (Choe et al. 2020; Niemann et al. 2021; Lin et al. 2019; Buhmann et al. 2022; Aamodt et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2021) over time | Blood NFL↑ in PD-PIGD vs PD-TD (Ng et al. 2020) |
| Aß42: (Chojdak-Łukasiewicz et al. 2020), ↔ (Lin et al. 2018a), ↓ (Ding et al., 2017) in PD vs. HC | Plasma Aß42↓ in PIGD vs. TD subtype in PD (Ding et al. 2017) | |
| Plasma t-tau↑ (Chen et al. 2020) and serum t-tau ↔ (Chojdak-Łukasiewicz et al. 2020) in PD vs HC | Plasma t-tau↑ correlates with worse cognitive function (Chen et al. 2020; Lin et al. 2022) | |
| Plasma p-tau↑↑ x Aß42↑ in FTD vs PD/APS (Lin et al. 2018a) | Plasma EV Aß42↑ and t-tau↑ predict cognitive decline (Chung et al. 2021) | |
| Plasma IL-6, IL-10 ↑ (Qin et al. 2016) PD vs HC | Il-6 ↑ predicts depression (Veselý et al. 2018) | |
| Il-10 ↑ correlates with gastrointestinal impairment, anxiety and depression (Karpenko et al. 2018; Kim et al. 2018) | ||
| Whole blood/Serum CRP↑ (Qiu et al. 2019) PD vs HC | CRP ↑ associated with reduced survival (Sawada et al. 2015) | |
| Proinflammatory cytokine ↑ anti-inflammatory cytokine ↓ are associated with worse motor and cognitive impairment (Williams‐Gray et al. 2016) | ||
| ↑ in PD vs. HC: miR-6836-3p, miR-6777-3p ↓ in PD vs. HC: miR-493-5p, miR-487b-3p, miR-15b-5p (Kern et al. 2021) | 71 miRNAs identified to correlate with disease progression in PD (Kern et al. 2021) |
aSyn alpha-synuclein, t-aSyn total alpha-synuclein, o-aSyn oligomeric alpha-synuclein, p-aSyn phosphorylated aSyn, RBC red blood cell, Aß40 amyloid-β peptide 42, Aß42 amyloid-ß peptide 40, t-tau total-tau, p-tau phosphorylated tau, FTD frontotemporal dementia, APS atypical Parkinsonian syndromes, EV extracellular vesicles, PD Parkinson’s disease, HC healthy controls, NLR Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio, Tregs T regulatory cells, IL interleukin, TN tumor necrosis factor, IFN interferon, DaTSCAN SBR striatal binding ratios in Dopamine Transporter Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, CRP C-reactive protein, PIGD postural instability gait difficulty, TD tremor-dominant